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　　说明一下，最近老钓虹鳟，又有新品种需要确认，查了些资料，看了不少。查到的中文资料大多是养殖信息，还是觉得这篇介绍比较详实，不敢独享，凑合翻译过来给大家看看，原文来自维基百科英文版，是自己翻译的，很多细节没有时间一一查证，错误肯定不少，望见谅！

　　The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), also called the redband trout, is a species of salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America as well as much of the central, western, eastern, and especially the northern portions of the United States. The ocean going (anadromous) form (including those returning for spawning) are known as steelhead, or ocean trout (Australia). The species has been introduced for food or sport to at least 45 countries, and every continent except Antarctica. In some of these locations, such as Australia and South America, they have had very serious negative impacts on upland native fish species, either by eating them, outcompeting them or transmitting contagious diseases. In some cases, they have been responsible for the extinction of native fish populations.[citation needed]

　　虹鳟(Rainbow Trout学名Oncorhynchus mykiss)，也被叫作redband trout，是一种原产太平洋位于亚洲和北美的支流鲑科鱼类，也广布于美国尤其是北部的多数支流。下海以后（包括那些洄游产卵的）被称作刚头（Steelhead），或者是海鳟（ocean trout 澳州叫法）。虹鳟被当作食物鱼类引入至少45个国家，分布于除了南极洲以外的每一片大陆。它们在某些地区，如澳大利亚和南美，通过捕食本地鱼种、竞争资源、引入传染性疾病的方式，对本地鱼种造成了严重的威胁。在某些案例中，它们是造成本地鱼种灭绝的原因。

　　Physical characteristics

　　The species was originally named by Johann Julius Walbaum in 1792. In 1855, W. P. Gibbons found a population and named it Salmo iridia, however this name became deprecated once it was determined that this was a population of the already named species. More recently, DNA studies showed rainbow trout are genetically closer to Pacific salmon (Onchorhynchus species) than brown trout (Salmo trutta) or Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), so the genus was changed.

　　生物学特征

　　这个物种最初由Johann Julius Walbaum于1972年命名。1885年，W. P. Gibbons发现了一个种群并定名为Salmo iridia，后来发现这是一个早已命名的物种，这一名称就被否定了。近年来，DNA研究表明虹鳟与各种太平洋鲑类（大鳞大马哈鱼属）（Onchorhynchus species）亲缘关系相对褐鳟(Salmo trutta)、大西洋鲑(Salmo salar),更为接近一些，所以它的属就被改过来了。

　　The rainbow trout are unusual in that there are two forms which sometimes share the same habitat. The anadromous form called "steelhead" migrate to the ocean, though they must return to fresh water to reproduce.

　　The freshwater form is called "rainbow trout", based on the broad red band along their sides. Steelhead are exactly the same species as rainbow trout. However, the difference is anadromy. After going to sea, their color changes, including loss of the red band. They stay at sea for 1-4 years, and return to fresh water to spawn. Rainbows stay in fresh water their whole lives.

　　虹鳟有些不同寻常的地方就是它有两种不同的形态，甚至是在同一栖息地。溯河型（称作“刚头”）迁徙到海中生活，尽管它们需要回到淡水中产卵。陆封型的被称作“虹鳟“， 基于它们体侧的宽红带。刚头和虹鳟确确实实是同一品种，不同的地方是迁徙习性，迁徙到海中以后，它们的颜色会发生变化，包括红带消失。在海中生活1－4年以后，回到淡水产卵。虹鳟的整个生命周期都停留在淡水中。

　　It is a common misconception that "redband trout" and "rainbow trout" are the same fish. While closely related, redbands are a different subspecies, somewhat intermediate between rainbow and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki). Redbands have larger spots and darker colors than rainbows and sometimes have cutthroat-like slash marks, but not the cutthroats longer maxilla or hyoid (basibranchial) teeth. Redbands include anadromous steelhead forms such as the "redsides" of the Columbia River system above the Columbia River Gorge and similar fish from the Fraser River system above Fraser Canyon and the most inland parts of the Sacramento River, Klamath River and others flowing into the Pacific.

　　把“红带鳟”和“虹鳟”当作同一种鱼是一个常见的错误认识。虽然它们有很近的亲缘关系，但红带鳟是一个不同的亚种，介于虹鳟与切喉鳟(Oncorhynchus clarki)之间。红带鳟身上的斑点大，体色深，有时还有类似切喉鳟的斜切斑，但没有切喉鳟的颚骨或舌骨上的那么长的长牙。红带鳟也有溯河的刚头型如分布于Columbia River水系Columbia River 峡谷以上部分的“红边”（redsides）；还分布于有Fraser River水系Fraser峡谷以上部分、Sacramento River、Klamath River 和其它一些流入太平洋的河中的类似的鱼。

　　Steelhead also tend to be more silvery than the freshwater rainbow form. Lake and stream dwellers tend to be lighter as well. River dwelling rainbow trout are generally darker and more brilliant. In all habitats, rainbows backs varies from blue or green to a yellow-green or brown. They always have dark spots on their heads, backs, bellies and across their dorsal fins and caudal fins, a famed attribute of true trout. Rainbows also have a red or pink streak that runs from the gill cover to the caudal fin, inspiring their name. Steelhead usually lack the pink stripe and have chrome-colored sides.

　　刚头相对淡水的虹鳟来说体色更偏于银白，生活在湖泊和溪流中虹鳟的颜色要浅些，而生活在河中的体色通常深些，也更鲜艳。在不同的栖息地中，虹鳟背上的颜色可以有蓝色或绿色到黄绿色或棕色等变化。它们身上头部、背部、腹部到背鳍、尾鳍总是遍布深色的斑点，一个真鲑的显著特征。虹鳟体侧有从腮盖到尾鳍的红色或粉红条带，正如它们的名字。刚头通常没有粉色的条带，取而代之的是镀铬色的银白。

　　Unlike other Pacific Salmon, rainbow trout and steelhead do not necessarily die after spawning (they may spawn as many as four times). All Pacific salmon, including male steelhead, undergo changes when spawning or migrating to spawn. They change color, head and mouth shape. Steelhead populations and rainbow trout populations can and do interbreed at different levels. It is possible for the offspring of rainbow trout to become anadromous and for the offspring of steelhead to develop a resident life history.

　　不像其它的太平洋鲑类，虹鳟和刚头产卵以后并不死掉。所有的太平洋鲑类，包括雄性的刚头，在产卵或者是洄游产卵的途中都要经历形态变化。它们的颜色、头和嘴巴的形态都会改变。刚头种群和虹鳟种群可以杂交，实际上也发生不同水平的杂交。陆封的虹鳟后代可以转变成溯河型，溯河刚头后代也可以转变成陆封型。

　　Rainbows and steelhead occur in well-oxygenated lakes and streams where the temperature normally doesnt rise above 12°C in summer. Behind the dorsal fin, rainbows have an adipose fin that is commonly clipped from fish raised in a hatchery. Clipping the adipose fin helps distinguish hatchery fish from wild fish when they are taken by anglers. This allows enforcement of regulations to protect wild rainbows. (Mark Selective Fishing information from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife)

　　虹鳟和刚头常出现在溶氧充沛的湖泊或溪流中，这些地方夏季的水温通常不超过12°C，在虹鳟背鳍的后面有一个脂肪鳍，人工孵育放流的鱼通常会把它剪掉。这样可以帮助钓鱼人区别野生与放流的鱼，也可以帮助渔政部门保护野生虹鳟。

　　Rainbows range from 12 to 36 inches in length. Steelhead grow longer, ranging from 50 to 122 cm (20 to 48 inches) in length.[1] Steelhead range in weight from 2.5 kg to 10 kg (5.5 - 22 pounds). The world record rainbow was a 43.6 pound caught from the shore at Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan in June 2007. [2]

　　虹鳟的一般长30-90厘米，刚头可以长得更大些，长50-122厘米，重2.5－10千克。虹鳟的世界记录是43.6磅（18.6千克）2007年6月份在Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan（加拿大Saskatchewan的一个人工湖）抓到的。

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